The Chaotic-Neutron

Archive for 2005

Nuclear Plant Has Flaw Undetected for 19 Years

by on Oct.16, 2005, under Links, News, Nuclear

This is scary at first sight.Excerpt from the article

A potential problem with the emergency reactor core cooling system at the nation’s largest nuclear power plant went undetected from 1986, when it began producing power, until last week, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC) and the plant operator confirmed Thursday.

The issue was identified when engineers at the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station did an analysis after NRC inspectors raised questions at a detailed inspection early last week. The NRC was following up to see if earlier cooling system problems had been fixed.

The review showed the emergency cooling system may not operate as expected to provide water to reactor cores after a small leak in the reactor cooling lines, NRC spokesman Victor Dricks said.

Practically, for this flaw to lead to any kind of disatrous results, lots of redundant safety systems need to fail together. Well, i am not refuting the fact that such an incident could have happened anytime in the past 19 years of its operation but chances for a complete failure and a meltdown are slim. Nevertheless, this is definitely a serious issue and hopefully, the NRC will bring in a stricter system to check all the flaws in all operating reactors.

God, i dont even want to begin to imagine what the media fuss will be, on all this.

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Logic and math riddles

by on Oct.16, 2005, under Cool, Fun, Math, Trivia

Today on Slashdot, a message board challenge to assemble a catalog of favority math and logic riddles. Well not all of them are that great but they have some really interesting puzzles among the lot.
There is a king and there are his n prisoners. The king has a dungeon in his castle that is shaped like a circle, and has n cell doors around the perimeter, each leading to a separate, utterly sound proof room. When within the cells, the prisoners have absolutely no means of communicating with each other.

The king sits in his central room and the n prisoners are all locked in their sound proof cells. In the king’s central chamber is a table with a single chalice sitting atop it. Now, the king opens up a door to one of the prisoners’ rooms and lets him into the room, but always only one prisoner at a time! So he lets in just one of the prisoners, any one he chooses, and then asks him a question, “Since I first locked you and the other prisoners into your rooms, have all of you been in this room yet?” The prisoner only has two possible answers. “Yes,” or, “I’m not sure.” If any prisoner answers “yes” but is wrong, they all will be beheaded. If a prisoner answers “yes,” however, and is correct, all prisoners are granted full pardons and freed. After being asked that question and answering, the prisoner is then given an opportunity to turn the chalice upside down or right side up. If when he enters the room it is right side up, he can choose to leave it right side up or to turn it upside down, it’s his choice. The same thing goes for if it is upside down when he enters the room. He can either choose to turn it upright or to leave it upside down. After the prisoner manipulates the chalice (or not, by his choice), he is sent back to his own cell and securely locked in.

The king will call the prisoners in any order he pleases, and he can call and recall each prisoner as many times as he wants, as many times in a row as he wants. The only rule the king has to obey is that eventually he has to call every prisoner in an arbitrary number of times. So maybe he will call the first prisoner in a million times before ever calling in the second prisoner twice, we just don’t know. But eventually we may be certain that each prisoner will be called in ten times, or twenty times, or any number you choose.

Here’s one last monkey wrench to toss in the gears, though. The king is allowed to manipulate the cup himself, k times, out of the view of any of the prisoners. That means the king may turn an upright cup upside down or vice versa up to k times, as he chooses, without the prisoners knowing about it. This does not mean the king must manipulate the cup any number of times at all, only that he may.

via Slashdot and Boing Boing

Also, found this great resource of riddles over at UCB’s site from the slashdot post. Definitely worth checking out if you have an hour or two to spare on some good grey cell petrifying puzzles.

Update : While we are at solving puzzles, here is one more awesome question that i had worked on, a long time back. Dig this.

You have a port that you are reading numbers from. You know that there is one number that is generated in more than half of the cases. You keep reading numbers arbitrarily long until you are given a command to stop. When you stop you have to return the number that has occurred in more than half of the cases.

(Hint: you don’t have enough memory to store all the numbers)

Here’s the actual link.

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Quotes – 6

by on Oct.16, 2005, under Quotes

If one lets an infinite number of monkeys to type on a keyboard, one will eventually write Macbeth, but does that mean they are as intelligent as Shakespeare?via Who created the Creator then ? : a random post i stumbled onto.

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Hot new fuel for nuclear reactors

by on Oct.13, 2005, under Nuclear, Research

Before i delve in to the implication of what the following article means, let me give you a brief introduction about Nuclear fuel and how we produce power. This is for the uninitiated and i provide this in a hope to write more technically and to help you learn something new today.

First, you have the reactor core, loaded with nuclear fuel. Neutrons induce fission in a fuel element and once a fission occurs, it releases 2-3 more neutrons. If you can capture those fission neutrons and induce more fission, you end up with a sustaining chain reaction.

Now each fission reaction releases about 200 Mev of energy. That’s exactly 3.204E-11 Joules. That’s freakin miniscule but when we have enriched uranium with atomic densities > 1E22(btw, this is normal. Parallel : 1Kg of H2 has 6E23 atoms !), you could end up with net energies of about 3E11 J/s. This energy conducts out from the fuel, since there is a coolant flow in the core outside the pellet. Depending on the coolant’s heat capacity, some amount of heat is carried away by the coolant to the turbines, where with an awesome 30% efficiency, the heat is converted to power !

And that is a short gist of how Nuclear power is produced.

Now, back to my post. Here’s an article i read at NS. Look what it says below.

A Fuel pellet that is 50 per cent better at conducting heat will make nuclear power cheaper and more efficient, its developers claim.

Engineers from Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, added beryllium oxide to the standard uranium oxide pellets used in light water reactors. Because uranium oxide does not conduct heat well, pellets made of it tend to crack and degrade as the temperature of the reactor core rises and falls, and this means they have to be replaced before all the fuel has been used. Beryllium oxide is a better conductor of heat, so it allows the fuel pellet to cool more efficiently, says Alvin Solomon, who led the research. This means the combined pellet lasts much longer than the standard one.

This would mean a higher heat conduction out of the fuel to the coolant. If we use good coolants, like liquid metals, then we could extract more heat out and generate more power as a result. Since we are energy greedy beings by nature, this research has great value and potential in reducing the energy craving !

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Quotes – 5

by on Oct.12, 2005, under Quotes

I am sure every one of you know by now that this year’s Nobel Peace Prize has been jointly awarded to International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei, the Director general of IAEA. In his interview, after the announcement of the award, he made a beautiful statement. Here it is.

If we are going to survive, we need to put the emphasis on what unites us together and not what separates us. It is not the difference in colour or creed or border, or what have you; it’s a fact that you are part of the human race, and the more we are able to understand the affinity we have with it, with each other, the more we can have, achieve, a lasting peace, durable peace, I believe.

And that my friend, is a true peace loving man’s words !

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A-bomb system can warn of tsunami

by on Oct.12, 2005, under Disaster, Research, Science

A recent article about monitoring stations that are set up to detect atomic explosions might be potentially useful to predict the path of a tsunami.
“After the quake on 26 December, all geophysical researchers were looking for signals in their data,” Roger Bowman told the BBC News website.

“One of the common ways was to make spectrographs – looking at how the spectrum of sound waves developed over time – and in this we saw the unique signal.”

The two researchers describe the unique signal found on spectrograph plots recorded by Indian Ocean hydrophones as a “chirp”.

What it means is that low-frequency vibrations are arriving before those of higher frequencies, producing a distinctive upward curving slope.

“In this frequency range – and these are very low frequencies, well below 1Hz – this is a unique signal,” said Dr Bowman.

As soon as i read the title, i had a moment, which drunkards call a “Moment of clarity”. It perfectly makes sense to make use of A-bomb detectors for monitoring seismic activity since they are more powerful than ordinary detectors and definitely would give lot more precise details as the exact location and range of the disturbance. And as always, they had to include the politics into science, making it tougher to implement. Get over it you fools. This is for a good cause.

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Earthquake prone South-Asia

by on Oct.11, 2005, under Musings, News

Nearly 20,000 dead in South Asian quake. This is very sad. On a beautiful sunday morning, this is not the kind of news i wanted to see.Eventhough i do not exactly like Pakistan or maybe just their Indian team and politicians, a toll of 20,000 innocent people is a terrible and disturbing news. And what’s more petrifying is that South Asia is Prone to more Earthquakes in the future. Here are some excerpts from this article about some of the damage that earthquakes have caused in the past.

The area along India’s northern border in disputed Kashmir is by far the hottest spot in that country, said A.K. Shukla, director of India’s Earthquake Risk Evaluation Center. He said the latest quake, unfortunately, will not be the last and may not be the largest to come.”It’s not a question of surprise, because that area is a highly seismic one,” he said. “It’s not surprising at all.”

Saturday’s quake was centered about 60 miles northeast of Islamabad in the forested mountains of Pakistani Kashmir. At least 22 aftershocks followed within 24 hours, including a 6.2-magnitude temblor.

In 1935, a magnitude-7.5 earthquake was recorded in Quetta, India, killing 50,000. In 1974, just north of the recent quake’s epicenter, a magnitude-6.2 earthquake occurred, generating 5,800 casualties.

Will the same type of collision that created the Himalayas millions of years ago be the demise of beautiful Asia and my beautiful sub-continent ? I pray for that not to happen.

Update : Death Toll at 35,000 in Pakistan Quake

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Super-efficient N-reactors

by on Oct.09, 2005, under Nuclear, Research

China plans to build super-efficient N-reactors

Chinese scientists are planning to build super-efficient nuclear reactors by 2010 that can maximise uranium burn-up, minimise waste while quenching the energy crunch facing the communist giant.

If the first experimental reactor, set to be in operation by 2010, is successful, the technology could help relieve China’s uranium supply problems as the country accelerates nuclear power plant construction.

China Academy of Atomic Science President Zhao Zhixiang said a team of scientists has already mapped a detailed plan to speed up research and utilisation of the so-called next-generation fast reactors.

The new reactors are expected to burn 60-70 per cent of their uranium fuel — a conventional reactor consumes only 0.7 per cent of the uranium it is fed.

“This kind of reactor can greatly improve the efficiency of fuel burn-up, and we are trying our best to put the experimental reactor into use over the next five years,” Zhao was quoted as saying by China Daily.

Current reactors are only able to harness the power of 0.7 per cent of the radioactive isotopes found in natural uranium.

In the fast reactor, the process is optimised so that more of the previously untapped isotopes can be used to generate electricity, burning-up fuel at least 60 times more efficiently than in a normal reactor.

-Cool. Now i wonder what kind of reactors would that be ?! Even the chinese guy in my department didn’t have any idea about this but hey if this works, another thumbs up for Nuke power !

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Qualifiers ? A thing of the past …

by on Oct.07, 2005, under Musings, Nuclear, Personal

Just got the hot news. I have cleared all three papers in my qualification exam ! I rock ! I am high with excitement now. If the world is going to collapse onto itself, please let it be now.

Good things aside, i still have a oral qualifier round to look forward to. I was told that i was a bit weak with Reactor Physics and so have 2 major Gods in nuclear department specializing in Xr physics on my committee for the oral.

Now this is going to be fun. Before even the thought of starting preparation for the oral, i am going out to party ! Woohoo …

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Movie – PI

by on Oct.06, 2005, under Movies, Musings

This is one of the best movies in a long time. I once told one of my friends that i loved and adored “Requiem for a Dream” and the way it has been directed. Some thought i was crazy and some thought i was going to end up as a deranged maniac. But i believe that movies like that pushes the human mind above the ordinary and makes us think beyond the surreal. This movie, “PI” is based on such an extraordinary theme that i regret having waited this long to see it. It was a low-budget film released in 1998 that won the “Best Director” at Sundance Film Festival. The gritty, inventive black-and-white photography drives this story of genius mathematician Max Cohen who is exploring the possible existence of discernible patterns in the stock market. I actually found this review about the movie quite interesting and close to what i felt. Here it is.

There was a brief period in my life when I was obsessed with the universal constant Pi just as much as Max Cohen (Sean Gullette) was obsessed with finding the number that was the answer to the universe in Pi. That period was during my last undergraduate semester, where we devoted our efforts to estimating Pi to as many digits as possible for our Numerical Analysis class, which culminated in a conceptual painting about the irrational.Pi isn’t about the mathematical constant 3.1415926…, representing, among many other things, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diametre. The movie is about the deranged and beautiful quest of one person in search of the truth, the answer to the universe. The plot is a common one in science fiction: a phenotypic “aberration” in the brain causes the protagonist to develop special abilities that makes him sought after and feared. In this particular cases, Max acquires a deep grasp of number theory. With his assumptions, that mathematics is the universal language, that number theory can represent everything in nature, and that there is a pattern in everything that occurs in this universe, he sets about trying to find it in the stock market.

After him are people who are interested in his stock market analyses for monetary purposes, and more strangely, a group of Rabbis who are convinced the same pattern of numbers is the key to their salvation. However, Max is the only one who can understand the semantics of the 216 digit number that is key to the universal lock, a plot device that I thought was truly brilliant. In the end, Max succeeds on his quest, but what he understands is never revealed to us. What he sees however is catalyst enough for him to inflict a lobotomy upon himself.

Today, many scientists (including myself) are on the same quest that Max is, and most don’t need to be as obsessed to find what they’re looking for. As demonstrated several times over the course of humanity’s existence, there is indeed an explanation for a lot of things we see in nature. That is, at least a conceptual level, there do exist patterns that can be written out as mathematical equations. This is particularly true given the discoveries this centuries involving relativity, quantum mechanics, and the subsequent biological and computing revolutions. But the search for the Grand Unified Theory continues.

Even though the movie isn’t directly about Archimedes’ constant, Pi is indeed an excellent solution to Max’s problem. That constant is ubiquitous in our world today, popping up every so often, in a seemingly independent manner. Besides its strong presence in geometry, Pi appears in various equations throughout mathematics (especially certain infinite series) and even in places where you wouldn’t necessarily expect it to at first intuition. For example, the Buffon needle problem: what is the probability that a needle of length 1, thrown at random on a plane divided by parallel lines 1 unit apart, will land in such a manner that it crosses a line (2/Pi)? What is the probability that two integers chosen at random have a common factor exceeding one (6/Pi^2)?

Unlike many independent films, Pi actually has a fairly coherent, albeit obscure, plot. The cinematography is excellent as well. Filmed completely in black and white, with obscure and surreal settings, the movie tries very hard to brings the audience to the edge of the abyss that is Max’s mind. The acting by Sean Gullette is highly convincing. The electronic music (courtesy of Clint Mansell of Pop Will Eat Itself) is top-notch. The movie is definitely worth the approximately Pi * e dollars I paid for it and I highly recommend checking it out at a local independent theatre near you.

via Ram.org-Awesome. Believe me, you wont regret it if you are as crazy as me.

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Another prejudiced anti-Nuclear article

by on Oct.05, 2005, under News, Nuclear, People

Why nuclear power is not the answer

An excerpt from the article.

“Nuclear power is not a solution to climate change. It could only ever provide for a tiny proportion of our energy needs and this would be at great cost to the taxpayer, the environment and would pose a threat to the safety of the public. Clean technologies are available and they need the Government’s support. Tony Blair must stop talking to the nuclear lobby and speed up investment low -carbon, renewable and efficient energy technologies.”

What are those renewable energy sources which will both satisfy the rising energy needs and be economical as well as efficient ? I really would like to know. But Friends of the Earth Executive Director Tony Juniper fails to answer that.

Probably the biggest misconception on Nuclear power is that “Nuclear power has a poor safety record”. If you want to base that future safety of reactors are dictated by 2 accidents that happened more than 25 years back, then God help these people.

Maybe the Director needs to learn from how France satisfies its energy needs. More than 70% of power is produced from nuclear reactors and how many accidents have they had till now ?? Zilch. Take that for your record and stop brooding over Chernobyl and TMI already.

It is really sad that man’s prejudice overpowers logic (Well that applies to my comments too, but hey, this is my blog !).

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Nuclear or not : that is the question

by on Oct.03, 2005, under Nuclear, Research

EBook

Read on for a researcher’s viewpoint argument on whether or not “Nuclear Energy” is the best option around at this stage of development. This is a free ebook that covers in detail the different risks and benefits of nuclear power from a scientific perspective but simple enough to be understood by everyone. Quite frankly, i find the book written without much prejudice to either side of the argument. Some of the analysis shown is quite interesting too.

I still haven’t had time to read the whole book compbut will comment in more detail when i do. For now, here’s the quote that caught my eye and led me to the book.

If nuclear power was used to the fullest practical extent in the United States, we would need about 300 power plants of the type now in use. The waste produced each year would then be enough to kill (300 x 50 million =) over 10 billion people. I have authored over 250 scientific papers over the past 35 years presenting tens of thousands of pieces of data, but that “over 10 billion” number is the one most frequently quoted. Rarely quoted, however, are the other numbers given along with it: we produce enough chlorine gas each year to kill 400 trillion people, enough phosgene to kill 20 trillion, enough ammonia and hydrogen cyanide to kill 6 trillion with each, enough barium to kill 100 billion, and enough arsenic trioxide to kill 10 billion. All of these numbers are calculated, as for the radioactive waste, on the assumption that all of it gets into people. I hope these comparisons dissolve the fear that, in generating nuclear electricity, we are producing unprecedented quantities of toxic materials.

- If you ask me, that is a profound and insightful statement. Another thumbs up for the book ! Definitely a must read for everyone – both pro and anti nuclear folks.

Link via Slashdot

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Freaky Test

by on Oct.02, 2005, under Fun, Humor, Trivia

Got this as a forward from a friend of mine and was told that this works for almost every person he knows. This only takes a second to do and it’s amazing!

Read on …

Have you ever wondered if your mind is normal or different? Well, do this little mind exercise (no need to write anything down) and find out at the end!!

Free will or synaptic wiring? You be the judge.

Check out the following exercise, guaranteed to raise an eyebrow.

Now, click on this link >>

First, What is :

1+6 >>

2+5 >>
3+4 >>
4+3 >>
5+2 >>
6+1 >>
Now repeat saying the number 7 to yourself as fast as you can for 15 seconds. Then click here >>

QUICK!!! THINK OF A VEGETABLE! And then click here >>

Sorry, but gotta keep clickin >>

You’re thinking of a CARROT, right?

If not, you’re among the 2% of the population whose minds are different enough to think of something else. 98% of people will answer with carrot when given this exercise. Freaky, huh? Keep this message going. Forward it to people you know and see if they can see if they are usual or not.

I was skeptical first, but it worked for many of my classmates here too ! And needless to say, it worked for me :( Now it really feels bad to be in the 98% rather than in that 2% doesn’t it ?!

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Passion

by on Oct.02, 2005, under Poetry

Love beyond physical and material needs
Is sublime and inexpressible in words.
Blind as a bat, in the darkness that feeds
The passion, the light, is mysterious and a complex surd.

If my passion were a woman personified,
I’d marry her right away without a second thought.
Serenity and chaos, meeting at this origin,
The best perfection attained in all my years.

Wishing that my father were here
To see how this being has crawled forward.
This the only sad thought that now enters my mind
Let unbound happiness shower his heart.

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The pendulum swings back toward nuclear power

by on Sep.27, 2005, under News, Nuclear

Article By Charles Stein

I spent more years than I would care to admit writing about the Seabrook nuclear power plant in New Hampshire. The Seabrook story was exhausting, but it taught me a valuable lesson: When it comes to energy, especially the price of energy, the future is very hard to see.

Seabrook was conceived in the late 1960s, a time of great optimism about nuclear power. Nuclear plants, the utilities promised, would produce electricity that was ”too cheap to meter.” When oil prices shot up in the 1970s, eventually reaching the unheard of price of $30 a barrel, Seabrook had another selling point: it would reduce New England’s dependence on costly foreign oil.

Things turned out differently. Like many of the nuclear plants in that era, Seabrook ran into engineering and political problems. Construction advanced at a snail’s pace. Every year, the plant’s estimated cost got higher and its completion date got pushed further into the future. When Seabrook finally went on line in 1990, its price tag had reached $6 billion.

The owners had to eat some of that money, because regulators refused to pass the costs along to consumers. Changes in the price of oil made Seabrook’s economics even worse. By 1990 oil was selling for less than $23 a barrel and the price fell even lower in the years that followed.

The verdict was clear: Nuclear power was a financial disaster; oil was a bargain.

Fast-forward to today. In case you hadn’t noticed, the price of oil has gone up a lot — to about $64 a barrel. The price of natural gas — the most popular fuel source in New England’s power plants — has gone up even more sharply. Utilities that venture out to buy electricity in the spot market are paying three times as much for power as they did a year ago. Consumers could pay about 20 percent more for electricity this winter, largely because of higher oil and gas prices.

And those ”white elephant” nuclear plants like Seabrook? It turns out they are sitting in the catbird seat. Their steep initial costs have been written off over time. Their cost of fuel is minuscule, according to Steven Taub, an executive at Cambridge Energy Research Associates, a consulting firm. Even with all other costs thrown in, nuclear plants today produce power at less than half the cost of plants that burn natural gas or oil.

Like the Saudi Arabians, the owners of nuclear plants have plenty of cheap power that they can sell at high prices in deregulated energy markets, earning big profits in the process. Many of the plants, Seabrook included, were purchased by new owners in recent years who paid relatively little for the assets. In 2002, FPL Energy, a Florida company, bought a controlling interest in Seabrook for $836 million. ”In today’s market, many of those plants are worth significantly more,” Taub said.

The verdict is clear: Nuclear power is a bargain; oil and gas are a financial disaster.

There are plenty of specialists around who are firmly convinced that high oil and gas prices are here to stay. Richard Lester suggests we should be wary about such pronouncements. “Smart people don’t get this right,” said Lester, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor of nuclear science and engineering. In 2003, Lester and some colleagues wrote a report on the future of nuclear power. They assumed natural gas prices — the main competition — would stay in a range of $3 to $6 per million BTUs. Last week natural gas was selling for more than $12 per million BTUs.

The solution here is obvious: We need to be diversified. Investors spread their bets around because they don’t know which stocks will do well and which will do poorly. We need to do the same with sources of energy because, in truth, we don’t have a clue what will happen to their prices in the future. The cheap may become expensive and the expensive cheap.

When it comes to the energy future, a little humility goes a long way.

– Right on the head.

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